Preamble Why this charter? Getting the facts straight Robotics and automation technology give The public debate to date has largely focu- us countless opportunities for enabling sed on robotics and automation leading to good work and great job satisfaction on job losses, although this has not material- all levels. At the same time, the pace of ized. Experience over the last two decades change – driven by digitalization, globa- - as well as current research - suggests lization, ageing societies, and new busi- that fears of massive unemployment ness models – is increasing. To secure the caused by automation are unfounded. In benefits of these inspiring technologies, we fact, for decades, automation and robotics need to actively manage the transition. The have had significant positive impact on future of work is now. jobs. The current new wave of automation and its technologies, such as human-robot Change is inevitable and an opportunity if collaboration, assistance systems, wea- actively shaped – without delay. To do this, rables and AI, will accelerate this journey the European robotics industry has devel- towards an improved quality of work. The oped this Good Work Charter. It identifies main challenge is to manage this transition 10 major focus areas that need to be ad- well as some jobs change, some jobs are dressed. This will require a joint effort and lost, and others are newly created. should be seen as work in progress. With the Charter, the European robotics industry The question is, how we can ensure wor- promotes and shapes the good work of the kers acquire the skills needed on the labour future and engages in an open dialogue market. We need to develop strategies for with all stakeholders. It applies to manufac- reskilling people to help them adapt to a ra- turers and developers of robotic systems pidly changing work environment. Life-long as well as their users, i.e. the entire robotics learning must become the new normal. community. It applies to robots used inside factories (industrial robots) and outside The European robotics sector will support factories (professional service robots). In robotics projects in schools, inspiring addition, it seeks to open a discussion with young people to focus on STEM subjects. EU institutions, government authorities, We also understand that making robotics schools and the education system, trade and automation technologies easy to use unions, international organizations, think and more accessible to workers will play an tanks, research institutes, and the financial important role in facilitating the transition sector. Special attention is given to young process. Lastly, we see the increased use people making educational and career of robotics as key for prosperity and high choices. living standards. 2

10 Focus Areas to Shape the Future of Work 1 Working like Humans, 2 Humans in Command! 3 Development of Skills 4 Inspire Young People Not like Machines “The technical vision of an “We cannot predict the fu- for STEM “In our work environment attractive working world is ture, but we can prepare for “With my robot activities, robots perform tasks that only possible with actively a future that is increasingly I’ve gained firsthand coding pose a high risk of injury to engaged individuals at the unpredictable. Metaskills experience. It is great fun humans. With the robots, core. Only in this way can – the softer skills which to design and build a robot productivity has gone up human and robot become are inherently human – are with my team that performs and sick days have fallen. a team.” going to be key. Things tasks reliably and by itself Work at the hot smelting furnaces was especially hard: each worker had to shift several tons of alu- minium ingots per shift. Now we operate robots. They have not taken our jobs, but brought us great relief at work.“ like creativity, adaptabili- on a playing field. Physics, ty, empathy, collaborative math, computer science working and critical thinking and engineering all come will never be replaced by together in robotics – I like robots.” that a lot!” Janez Rupnik Jörg Hofmann Claire Gillespie Adriana LTH Castings, Slovenia President of IG Metall, Digital Technologies Skills 12 year-old junior high school Industrial Union of Manager at Skills student from Heidelberg, Metalworkers (Germany) and Development Scotland Germany IndustriALL Global Union 4

Executive Summary In this Good Work Charter, the European Focus 1: Working like Humans, robotics industry presents its vision of Not like Machines good work of the future and identifies Robots are very good for performing 10 focus areas where action is needed now. so-called “4D” jobs: tasks that are dull, The Charter applies to manufacturers and dirty, dangerous or delicate. By doing so, developers of robotic systems as well as they can relieve us of work that is not well their users, i.e. the entire robotics communi- suited for human nature. We need to further ty. It applies to robots used inside factories promote quality of and dignity in work - by (industrial robots) and outside factories (pro- making sure that people work like humans, fessional service robots). It seeks to open not like machines and by leaving the dull a dialogue with all stakeholders, including and low-interaction work to the robots, government authorities, European institu- which are able to do it 24/7. tions, the education system, trade unions, international organizations, think tanks, Focus 2: Humans in Command! research institutes and the financial sector. As robots and humans interact more closely, Robotics and automation technology provide the fundamental question is whether the countless opportunities for improving work. robot will serve the worker, or the worker will At the same time, digitalization, globalization, serve the robot. Very clearly, robots must as- ageing societies, and new business models sist humans, not the other way around. The bring rapid change to the world of work: a European robotics industry therefore advo- transition that needs to be actively shaped cates a “human-in-command approach” for and must put the human in the center. the design of good, safe workplaces. Experience over the last two decades - as Focus 3: Development of Skills well as current research – suggests that The pace of technological change has left fears of massive unemployment caused by automation are unfounded1. In fact, for de- cades, automation and robotics have had a us with a skills gap. We must ensure that workers will be able to upskill to perform higher quality tasks. Advanced automation significant positive impact on jobs. technology crucially depends on skilled human workers to operate it. Additional The current new wave of automation and efforts are needed for continuous skills its technologies - such as human-robot development – especially on-the-job. collaboration, assistance systems, weara- bles and AI - can accelerate this journey Focus 4: Inspire Young People for STEM towards an improved quality of work. The We need engineers to tackle the challenges main challenge is to manage the transition of the future, but not enough young people well – making sure that people are not left decide to go into STEM subjects (Science, behind – as some jobs change, some jobs Technology, Engineering, Maths). To change are lost, and others are newly created. this, the European robotics industry will step up initiatives promoting STEM subjects among young people. The robotics sector is in a unique position to do so, as the robot is an iconic, relatable and fascinating piece of technology - ideally suited to spark interest in technology – in both girls and boys alike. 6

Outlook: Prosperity for Europeans About EUnited Robotics Robots increase productivity and compe- EUnited Robotics is a sector of EUnited titiveness. In doing so, they strengthen the AISBL, the European Engineering Indus- manufacturing and service sectors: a solid tries Association, and the voice of the basis for a sound economy, high quality European robotics industry. Our members jobs and a prosperous and inclusive society. are robot manufacturers, component Growing GDP and labour productivity are suppliers, and system integrators creating prerequisites for rising incomes and a higher a network of industry leaders. We aim standard of living for society as a whole. to develop, advocate, and communicate The European robotics industry is there- topics of industrial relevance in order to fore guided by the goals described in this support and strengthen global competi- Charter to provide advanced technologies tiveness of the European robotics sector. for economic success, sustainable develop- Moreover, we strive to raise awareness of ment and favourable working conditions. robotics and related technologies among Join our journey to create a human- communicates industry‘s perspective on centric future of work - by endorsing our relevant EU policies and funding issues. media and the public. EUnited Robotics Charter - starting today! Contact us at: robotics@eu-nited.net It also serves as liaison between indus- try decision-makers and the European Commission. Robotics – a definition are sometimes referred to as “robots” (e.g. In today’s public debate, the term “robot” armed drones), EUnited Robotics classifies may mean anything from chatbots to driver- them not as robots but as weapons. By less cars. In contrast, EUnited Robotics contrast, disaster fighting robots, defusing applies a narrower definition. robots and demining robots are included in the category of professional service robots. For us, the term generally refers to physical (or “embodied”) devices that can be pro- It should be noted that the lines between grammed to perform a variety of tasks, with industrial and professional service robots some level of interaction with the environ- are getting increasingly blurred: Industrial ment, in an automated way. robots can be used in professional service robot applications and service robots can Industrial robots are made for use in indus- perform important tasks in factories (e.g. trial automation applications, such as spot professional cleaning systems and logistics welding in car factories or for picking and robots). placing workpieces. The term robotics and automation is defi- Service robots perform tasks predominant- ned more widely, including further automa- ly outside the scope of manufacturing ap- tion technologies, such as vision tech- plications. Service robots for personal use nology, assembly machines, automated are aimed at non-commercial tasks (e.g. ro- handling devices and the necessary sensor, botic vacuum cleaners for household use). control and information technology. Professional service robots are used for commercial tasks, such as delivery robots This Good Work Charter refers to the use in hospitals, milking robots, surgical robots of industrial robots, professional service ro- or fire-fighting robots. While remotely bots and related automation technologies. operated – or even autonomous - weapons 8

1 Working like Humans, Not like Machines 10 Robots are very good for performing so-called “4D” jobs: tasks that are dull, dirty, dangerous or delicate. By doing so, they relieve us of work that is not well-suited to human nature. The emergence of industrial robotics since the 1970s has already freed workers from carry- ing out many of the dull, repetitive and low-interaction jobs. But we can further promote quality of and dignity in work - by making sure that people work like humans, not like machines. By leaving the dull, dirty, dangerous and delicate work to the robots, which are able to do it 24/7. Regardless of the rapid advances in robotics and AI, people will not be outperformed by these technologies. Humans possess unique capabilities such as dexterity, flexibility, judgment, decision making, critical thinking, creativity, emotional intelligence and problem solving. Jobs performed by humans should draw on these capabilities.

2 Humans in Command! 12 As robots and humans interact more closely, the ques- tion is often raised whether the robot will serve the worker, or the worker will serve the robot. Very clearly, robots and related technologies must assist humans, not the other way around. The European robotics in- dustry therefore wholeheartedly advocates a “human- in-command” approach for the design of good, safe workplaces. To create automation systems in which the human worker is reduced to following a set of narrowly defined instruc- tions given by the robot would be a lost opportunity to make use of uniquely valuable human capabilities.

3 Development of Skills We are living in times of ever faster transformation, yet already face a growing “skills gap“. As the pace of change accelerates, we must intensify skills develop- ment and manage the transition towards real lifelong learning. This is necessary to ensure that workers will upskill as well as reskill to perform higher quality tasks and to allow for the deployment of advanced automa- tion technology which relies on a dynamic workforce. Skills development may be the most crucial task ahead of us. As the pace of technological and organizational change is increasing, more agility in skills development and faster adaptation to new requirements is needed. Current research suggests that the number of jobs created and the number of jobs lost is in balance (or even positive), leading to a stable level of employment. This is the good news. 14

Therefore, a new “learning culture“ (especially on-the-job) must be developed enabling people to upskill to higher quality jobs. Increasing the number of training hours alone will not be enough: a mental shift is required by employees and emp- loyers alike embracing the opportunities of continuous skills development. E-learning and distance learning provide good additional options to assist learning in a flexible way. The robotics sector also recognizes its responsibility: by develo- ping technology that is easy to use and pleasant to work with and by developing training material, courses and facilities that truly empower workers, including those who believe they are too old or too far behind to learn completely new things. The European robotics industry will: • Foster robotics-related (re-)training and upskilling at a large scale by developing training materials and by offering a wide range of further training in academies operated by the robotics industry, including basic training in robot safety (“robot driver’s license”). • Make robotics more accessible by increasing its user- friendliness. • Explore new approaches for a closer collaboration between humans and robots, fusion skills and intuitive robot use through increased research and development. • Raise end user’s awareness of the current and future scope of skills shortages and provide assistance to counteract the growing skills gap. • Contribute to spreading a new learning culture that high- lights opportunities for workers and employees at all levels. 16

4 Inspire Young People for STEM Technology is key for tackling some of the biggest challen- ges humankind is facing. To provide for a rapidly growing population while preserving our planet’s health is the biggest job ahead of us in the decades to come. To do it, we need engineers and scientists to come up with new and ingenious solutions. Unfortunately, the world is experiencing a skills gap in the workforce. As automation and other advanced technologies are be- coming more and more engrained in our workplaces and daily lives, we are running out of people that are equipped with the much-needed STEM skills: knowledge in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. To put it bluntly: If we do not succeed in inspiring more young people – especially girls - to choose education and careers in STEM subjects, We need to ensure that there are sufficient engineers to we will be in trouble. We need scientists and engineers to tackle the challenges of the future, but not enough young build the future and we need a workforce that is equipped people decide to go into STEM subjects (Science, Tech- with STEM capabilities to effectively use and apply advan- nology, Engineering, Maths). To change this, the Euro- ced technology. Such a workforce is also indispensable to pean robotics industry commits itself to step up initiatives ensure the competitiveness of the European economy and promoting STEM subjects among young people. The ro- safeguard Europe’s technological leadership. botics sector is in a unique position to do so, as the robot is an iconic, relatable and fascinating piece of technology The European robotics industry is therefore committed - ideally suited to spark interest in technology. to stepping up efforts in inspiring young people to go for 18 STEM subjects and careers. Engineers are aware that their profession is a deeply creative one as they “create“ every day. Young people, by contrast, are less aware that engi- neering could be on top of a list of attractive creative jobs,

5 Inclusion and Participation Robotics and automation has the potential to empower employees at all levels. Yet the OECD concludes that “training participation is lowest among those who need training the most, including the low-skilled, older adults”5. This is a lost opportunity and must be changed. But in- creasing inclusion and participation does not stop there. Companies have been successful in including workers in the development of production systems and the improve- ment of work environments6. The people that do the job and work with automation tools often give the most valua- ble input – when asked! 5 The Future of Work, OECD Employment Outlook 2019, page 20. 6 For example, at its plant in Regensburg , the BMW Group has set up a so-called Innolab, where the employees contribute their ideas for process improve- ment and have them developed together with the experts on site. Source: “Wie BMW Industrie 4.0 mit den Mitarbeitern entwickelt“, Produktion, 28 May 2019. 20

6 Creating Opportunities 22 The introduction of robots and automation technolo- gies can offer great opportunities for employees at all levels. As robots are getting easier to use and can even be programmed intuitively, the technology becomes much more accessible. Workers who embrace the technology and develop their robotics skills improve their professional perspectives. In addition to robots, other related technologies also enable workers to move on to perform more highly qualified tasks. The concepts of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and the Industrial Inter- net of Things (IIoT) define the smart factory of the future, in which all machines and automation devices are inter- connected and directly communicate with each other. At the same time, the proponents of this new manufacturing paradigm postulate that people will be at the core of this new digital world. This raises several questions: How can “analog people” play a central part in such a “digital en- vironment”? How are the roles of humans and machines distributed? What interfaces are there connecting humans to their digital surroundings in the smart factory?

7 Human-Robot Collaboration and Fusion Skills fast movements. The approach is a simple and effective one: the world of the robot and the world of the worker are kept apart. But robotics has now opened a new chapter: robots that work directly together with the worker in a shared workplace are now being installed. The robot be- comes a “cobot” – a robotic co-worker or assistant (see illustration). New safety technology makes this direct hu- man-robot collaboration (HRC) possible – without the need for safety fences. Sophisticated sensors give the robot the senses and perception it needs to act safely. By definition, the cobot does not replace, but complement, the human worker. But why is it beneficial to combine robots and people so closely? Because certain human abilities Today’s technology is closer to us than ever before al- are – and will remain – irreplaceable, e.g. fine motor skills, lowing us to do new things in new ways. It has become dexterity, flexibility and judgment, while robots have other an essential part of our everyday life. Our interaction strengths. They can make sure that the contact pressure with our smart devices has become second nature. remains constant when a rubber seal is being adhered, or This has not only fundamentally changed the way we they can hold heavy loads. HRC allows people and robots live, it is also reshaping the way we work. Some ex- to work directly together and each to exploit their own perts even predict that this new closeness of humans strengths, resulting in a significant potential for optimizing and machines will give rise to a completely new class production processes. At the same time, workplaces be- of „fusion skills“. come more ergonomic. With their lightning-fast movements, robots are extremely But human-robot collaboration may just be the prelude to a efficient. Traditionally, they work behind protective barriers, more symbiotic partnership of people and machines in the keeping the people in the factory safe from the steel arms’ future. Robotics, automation and artificial intelligence allow 24

8 Ease of Use 26 Robots have already become much easier to install, program and operate. The robotics industry is working to further simplify the use of robots. This is democratizing robotics: it is no longer only a domain for a select group of highly trained specialists and engineers. A trend which will accelerate in the years to come. Focus 3 (Development of Skills) aims at qualifying people to use robots. Focus 8 (Ease of use) turns this approach around by qualifying the robots to be used by people with little or no formal training. There is no contradiction bet- ween these two approaches: both are necessary and com- plement each other. But how can robots become simple to use? Here are some examples: • Take the robot by the hand: Rather than writing long lists of computer code to tell the robot how it should move, the worker presses a button at the robot arm, moves

9 Sustainability 28 The world’s population is growing rapidly – therefore it is necessary to use resources efficiently. Intelligently automated production can make a decisive contribu- tion to minimizing our consumption of energy and na- tural resources – moving to a carbon-neutral economy. In addition, automation can contribute to healthy and ergonomic workplaces with a high job satisfaction – by taking over the dull, dirty, dangerous or delicate tasks that need to be done (see also Focus 1, page 10). For years, robotics has been increasing sustainability in many ways. The technology is having a major impact in making environmentally friendly products affordable. The economic viability of photovoltaics, for example, is largely due to cutting production costs through high automation levels. Robotics and automation also lead to more re- source efficiency in the production process itself, e.g. by

The European robotics industry will: • Continue to provide technology for producing goods sustainably (e.g. manufacturing with a low carbon footprint). • Continue to provide technology for producing sustaina- ble goods (e.g. making affordable solar panels). • Provide solutions for competitive production close to the customer (eliminating long-distance shipping). • Help improve work conditions, job satisfaction and health at the workplace. A fundamental reshaping of finance in the making Blackrock CEO Larry Fink’s open letter12 to CEOs around the globe in January 2020 drove home an important point: Indeed, robotics and automation technology will be essential in contributing to Europe’s green and digital We are witnessing the beginning of a “fundamental re- transformation, which itself is a key enabler for reaching shaping of finance”. The need to address climate change the objectives of the European Green Deal. According to will put sustainability at the centre of investment decisions the President of the European Commission, Ursula von der in the future. Leyen, “digitalisation will enable us to handle resources more effectively and more efficiently, because we will be He argues: “We believe that all investors, along with able to calibrate everything precisely: water consumption, regulators, insurers, and the public, need a clearer picture energy, all the precious resources of our planet”. of how companies are managing sustainability-related questions. This data should extend beyond climate to Robotics and automation applications with the power questions around how each company serves its full set of to transform are being designed and invested in at an stakeholders, such as the diversity of its workforce, the accelerating rate. For example, in relation to green energy sustainability of its supply chain, or how well it protects its production, robotics and automation have been essential customers’ data. Each company’s prospects for growth for the production of large-scale photovoltaic panels. Ro- are inextricable from its ability to operate sustainably and botics and automation will be vital for Europe’s upcoming serve its full set of stakeholders.“ Circular Economy Action Plan (also part of the Green Deal) Robotics and the European Green Deal13 for example, revolutionising recycling through deployment The European Green Deal - Europe’s vision to make Europe of robotics and vision technology to separate commingled and will help to achieve the sustainable products policy by, climate neutral by 2050 - will also integrate sustainable development goals14 (or SDGs). recyclables from one another. 12 www.blackrock.com/ch/individual/en/larry-fink-ceo-letter 13 https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-green-deal-communication_en.pdf 14 See The Good Work Charter and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on page 36. 30

10 Tackling Demographic Change 32 Due to demographic shifts, most developed economies are facing massive shortages of labour in the next de- cades. This will potentially limit GDP growth and there- fore future prosperity. Over the next 20 years, the labour force in Germany alone is projected to shrink by about 10 million people15 - a result of the retirement of baby boom- ers and low birth rates. Increasing the use of robotics and automation can help solve the problem.

Outlook: Prosperity for Europeans Robots increase productivity and com- Robotics provides great opportunities to petitiveness. In doing so, they strengthen raise the standard of living for society as a the manufacturing and service sectors: a whole and hence the potential to reduce in- solid basis for a sound economy, high-qua- equality. The European robotics industry is lity jobs and a prosperous and inclusive guided by the objective of providing advan- society. One of the most instructive studies ced technologies for economic success, quantifying this positive effect is “Robots sustainable development and favourable at Work” by the Centre for Economic Per- working conditions. formance at the London School of Econo- mics16. In this study, Guy Michaels and Georg Graetz conclude that robot densifi- cation between 1993 and 2007 across 17 countries studied accounted for 10% of Join our journey to create a human-cen- tric future of work. GDP growth. Contact us at: robotics@eu-nited.net But there are further positive effects that come with increased automation levels: Re- sources are used more sustainably. Easy- to-use robots empower people to do jobs that were previously reserved for technical specialists. New types of robots, e.g. in the service sector, will help us tackle some of the most urgent societal challenges, such as demographic shifts. 16 Graetz, Georg, and Guy Michaels. 2015. Robots Work. Centre for Economic Performance 34

The Good Work Charter and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides (lowering the production costs of renewable energy a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people technologies to make them economically viable/ and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are competitive, such as photovoltaics or wind turbines) the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that (shaping good work of the future, e.g. through collaborative ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand in robotics or robots taking over dirty, dull, dangerous or hand with strategies that improve health and education, delicate (“4D”) tasks) reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our SCG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure oceans and forests. (innovating industrial production and raising its competitiveness) The Good Work Charter of the European robotics industry recognises the strong connection of its own vision with SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production many of the SDGs. Robotics use is well-suited to make (energy-efficient production, resource-efficient production) substantial contributions especially to the following sustainable development goals: SDG 13: Climate Action SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being mobility and competitively priced renewable energy) (clean, safe and ergonomic workplaces, surgical and medical robots, robots in eldercare, rehabilitation robots) SDG 14: Life below Water (production technology for affordable carbon-neutral (unmanned/autonomous underwater robots for monitoring SDG 4: Quality Education and research, inspection of oil platforms) (robots as a tool for STEM education and skills development) SDG 15: Life on Land (agricultural robots, precision farming, crop protection SDG 5: Gender Equality without pesticides) (placing emphasis on the inclusion of girls in robotics projects/contests in schools, robots taking over heavy lifting) 36

Acknowledgments This effort is the product of a joint undertaking by robot manufacturers and producers of robotics related systems and technologies. We would especially like to extend our gratitude to Anne Waltenberger (ABB), Volker Spanier (Epson), Jethro Schiansky (EUnited AISBL), Michael Früh (F&P Personal Robotics), Dr. Werner Kraus (Fraunhofer IPA), Walter Zulauf (Güdel), Wilfried Eberhardt (KUKA), Prof. Dr. Markus Glück (Schunk), Fabian Seus (VDMA) – who dedicated their time to participate in numerous workshops and meetings, who read and reread through several pages with exacting attention to detail, and supported us wholeheartedly in many other steps along the way. Their knowledge and expertise, insightful feedback, and tireless efforts have made launching this project a reality. Last but not least, we would like to acknowledge our appreciation for the excellent work of the Institute for the Future of Work (ifow.org), whose commitment to shaping a future of better work inspired us to move in the same direction and join in the endeavor. Coordination and project management: Fariba Khatami (EUnited Robotics) and Patrick Schwarzkopf (EUnited Robotics) Recommended readings • Skills 4.0 by Skills Development Scotland https://www.skillsdevelopmentscotland.co.uk/media/44684/skills-40_a-skills-model.pdf • Good Work Charter by IFOW (Institute for the Future of Work) https://www.ifow.org/publications/the-ifow-good-work-charter • „Human + Machine - Reimagining Work in the Age of AI“, Paul R. Daugherty and H. James Wilson, Harvard Business Press, 2018 Imprint Contact Do you have any questions regarding the Good Work Charter? Would you like to endorse the Good Work Charter? Feel free to contact us at: robotics@eu-nited.net Copyright Contents published in this document and on the website are properties of the provider, EUnited Robotics, a sector of EUnited AISBL. Dissemination and citations of this work are permitted without the need to request advance permission, provided that full acknowledgment/reference is made to EUnited Robotics and that EUnited Robotics receives information on such dissemination or citation. Images contained in the Good Work Charter may not be reproduced without prior permission. Concept & Design etage3 design+digital GmbH, Offenbach, Germany, www.etage3.eu Images • Cover: ©F&P Personal Robotics • Page 9: ©Epson • Pages 10-11: ©Güdel • Pages 12-13: ©ABB • Pages 14-15: ©Güdel • Page 17: ©IBM • Pages 18-19: ©Comau • Pages 22-23: ©KUKA • Pages 24-25: ©Schunk • Pages 26-26: Fraunhofer IPA, ©Phoenix Design • Pages 28-29: ©ABB • Page 31: ©Stäubli • Pages 32-33: ©Ottobock • Page 35: ©London School of Economics • Pages 20-21: ©Robert Bosch Manufacturing Solutions • Page 37: ©United Nations 38

EUnited Robotics (Sector of EUnited AISBL - European Engineering Industries Association) Boulevard A. Reyers 80 BluePoint Building B-1030 Brussels Phone: +32 2706 8222 E-Mail: robotics@eu-nited.net www.eu-nited.net/robotics 40